
DisainaM
Senior Member
Themenstarter
Torben hatte einen sehr interessanten Artikel über verschiedene Arten von Thai Kulturen gepostet, den ich hier erstmal im Orginal reposte.
Wer die Zeit hat, eine gute Übersetzung zu machen, damit alle davon profitieren können, ist willkommen.
Type of culture
It is difficult to determine the type of culture which existed in
Thailand before the Christian era, since no written records or
chronologies exist. However, by the 6th century AD thriving
agricultural communities were established from as far north as Lamphun
to Pattani in Southern Thailand. Theravada Buddhism was flourishing,
and probably entered the region around the 2nd or 3rd centuries BC
when Indian missionaries were said to have been sent to a land called
"Suvarnabhumi". (An area comprising Burma, Central Thailand and
Cambodia). The Dvaravati period, a loose collection of city states,
centred around the Nakhon Pathom area, and lasted until the 11th
century when it quickly declined under the political domination of
invading Khmers.
During the 13th century several Thai principalities in the Mekong
valley united and took Haripunchai from the Mons and the Sukhothai
area from the Khmers. The Sukhothai kingdom declared its independence
in 1238 and quickly began to expand. At its height the kingdom
stretched from Nakhon Si Thammarat in the south to Vientiane in Laos,
and Pegu in Burma. Sukhothai is considered by most Thai historians to
be the first true Thai kingdom. King Rham Khamhaeng, the second king
of the Sukhothai era, organised a system of writing which became the
basis for modern Thai. He also codified the Thai form of Theravada
Buddhism.
Hilltribe village in Northern Thailand During the 14th and 15th
centuries the Thai kings of Ayuthaya became very powerful and began to
expand their kingdom eastward until they took Angkor from the Khmers
in 1431. By the mid-16th century Ayuthaya and the independent kingdom
of Chiang Mai had came under the control of the Burmese, but the Thais
regained control of both areas by the end of the century. Burma again
invaded Ayuthaya in 1765 and fought a fierce battle with the Thais for
two years before gaining control of the capital. During the process
the Burmese destroyed large numbers of manuscripts, religious
sculptures, and many temples.
The Burmese made no further inroads into Thailand and, in 1769, a new
Thai capital was established at Thonburi, on the banks of the Chao
Phraya river opposite Bangkok, by general Phya Taksin. The Thais
quickly regained control of their country and began to further unite
the provinces in the north and south of the country.
In 1782 king Rama I was crowned. He moved the capital across the river
to Bangkok, and ruled as the first king of the Chakri dynasty. In 1809
Rama II, son of Rama I, took the throne and ruled until 1824. King
Rama III (1824-1851) began to develop trade with China and increase
domestic agricultural production. When king Mongkut (Rama IV) took the
throne in 1851 he quickly established diplomatic relations with
European nations, while at the same time astutely avoiding
colonisation. He also began a period of trade reform and moderisation
of the Thai education system. His son, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V
1868-1910, also see picture), continued this tradition with the
modernisation of the legal and administrative systems, and the
construction of railways. During his 15 year reign from 1910 to 1925
king Vajiravudha (Rama VI) introduced compulsory education and other
reforms.
In 1925 the brother of king Vajiravudha, king Prajadhipok (Rama VII
1925-1935) ascended the throne. Seven years later a group of Thai
students living in Paris mounted a successful bloodless coup d´etat
which led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy similar to
that which existed in Britain. A key military leader in the coup,
Phibul Songkhram, took power and maintained control until after the
end or WW II. Rama VIII, Ananda Mahidol, became king in 1935 but was
assassinated in rather mysterious circumstances in 1946. He was
succeeded by his younger brother Bhumipol Aduldej who became Rama IX.
His Majesty King Bhumipol Adujdej remains on the throne today, and he
commands great respect in both Thailand and throughout the rest of the
world.
Today Thailand has a democratic government led by Prime Minister
Thaksin Shinawatra, who was elected in January 2001. He has taken over
from Chuan Leekpai, who has put the first steps towards economic
recovery after the crisis. Thaksins party, Thai Rak Thai ( Thai love
Thai), has proposed a rather radical strategy for economic recovery.
In the next few years we will see if this proves successful.
Thailand´s Prehistory Tens of thousand years ago, this land was
covered with lush tropical rain forests. The fertile land, temperate
climatic conditions, abundent natural resources attracted early
settlers and migrants throughtout the subsequent periods, even up to
the present. Rich cultures amalgamated into distinct life styles.
Emerging out of a thousand years of consciously striving for unity
were the T´ai people. City states soon unified into an independent
kingdom. Emergent also was a distinct culture known as Thai. Stone
tools and implements of prehistoric man dating to the Paleolithic
Period have been found throughout this country. Over 10,000 years ago,
man lived near the waterways in the north and central Thailand.
Archaeological evidence of Neolithic settlements has been discovered
in an area covering no less than 40 provinces. They include tools and
decorative objects made of flint, bone and shells. Primitive paintings
dating to this period exist in a number of caves. Metal works, both
bronze and iron, appeared almost simultaneously some 2,700 years ago.
A part of prehistory in Thailand has become a subject for intensive
study shedding new light on the evoluation of man in southeast Asia.
"Ban Chiang" used to be the name of a small village in Udonthani
Province. Since the discovery that this modern settlement had been
founded on top of an area rich in prehistoric archaeological evidence,
the name has become well known worldwide and synonymous with an
important prehistoric culture.
Ancient Ban Chiang culture existed in scattered areas throughout the
Northeastern region of Thailand. The people lived near watersources in
dense forests. They gradually cleared the forest for settlements, They
hunted with axes, spears, arrows, sling shots and fishing hooks. They
cultivated rice in irrigated paddies and learnt to use buffaloes in
farming. They wove cloth out of natural fibres and might have printed
patterns on the fabric by using rollers. They made and wore decorative
ornaments such as glass beads, earthenware amulets and bronze bangles.
They made stylistic pottery which had applied or and painted
decorations both for household use and for ritualistic burial. They
became proficient metal workers quite early in prehiston, and
discovered the use of iron almost contemporaneous with bronze.
The Ban Chiang people believed in the afterlife. They buried the dead
accompanied with personal belongings, perhaps insignia of rank,
containers of food and other burial goods. Theirs was a structured
society which existed for thousands of years until unknown causes
disrupted their stable existence. There is no historical evidence of a
direct link with the inhabitants of modern Ban Chiang. who are said to
have migrated into the area from Laos some 200 years ago.
Nevertheless, certain aspects of the contemporary lifestyle indicate
some heritage from the past. However vague this link may be, modern
Ban Chiang has benefited from the fame of the ancient people.
Regards
Torben
Torben Larsen (saeoya@image.dk)
Wer die Zeit hat, eine gute Übersetzung zu machen, damit alle davon profitieren können, ist willkommen.
Type of culture
It is difficult to determine the type of culture which existed in
Thailand before the Christian era, since no written records or
chronologies exist. However, by the 6th century AD thriving
agricultural communities were established from as far north as Lamphun
to Pattani in Southern Thailand. Theravada Buddhism was flourishing,
and probably entered the region around the 2nd or 3rd centuries BC
when Indian missionaries were said to have been sent to a land called
"Suvarnabhumi". (An area comprising Burma, Central Thailand and
Cambodia). The Dvaravati period, a loose collection of city states,
centred around the Nakhon Pathom area, and lasted until the 11th
century when it quickly declined under the political domination of
invading Khmers.
During the 13th century several Thai principalities in the Mekong
valley united and took Haripunchai from the Mons and the Sukhothai
area from the Khmers. The Sukhothai kingdom declared its independence
in 1238 and quickly began to expand. At its height the kingdom
stretched from Nakhon Si Thammarat in the south to Vientiane in Laos,
and Pegu in Burma. Sukhothai is considered by most Thai historians to
be the first true Thai kingdom. King Rham Khamhaeng, the second king
of the Sukhothai era, organised a system of writing which became the
basis for modern Thai. He also codified the Thai form of Theravada
Buddhism.
Hilltribe village in Northern Thailand During the 14th and 15th
centuries the Thai kings of Ayuthaya became very powerful and began to
expand their kingdom eastward until they took Angkor from the Khmers
in 1431. By the mid-16th century Ayuthaya and the independent kingdom
of Chiang Mai had came under the control of the Burmese, but the Thais
regained control of both areas by the end of the century. Burma again
invaded Ayuthaya in 1765 and fought a fierce battle with the Thais for
two years before gaining control of the capital. During the process
the Burmese destroyed large numbers of manuscripts, religious
sculptures, and many temples.
The Burmese made no further inroads into Thailand and, in 1769, a new
Thai capital was established at Thonburi, on the banks of the Chao
Phraya river opposite Bangkok, by general Phya Taksin. The Thais
quickly regained control of their country and began to further unite
the provinces in the north and south of the country.
In 1782 king Rama I was crowned. He moved the capital across the river
to Bangkok, and ruled as the first king of the Chakri dynasty. In 1809
Rama II, son of Rama I, took the throne and ruled until 1824. King
Rama III (1824-1851) began to develop trade with China and increase
domestic agricultural production. When king Mongkut (Rama IV) took the
throne in 1851 he quickly established diplomatic relations with
European nations, while at the same time astutely avoiding
colonisation. He also began a period of trade reform and moderisation
of the Thai education system. His son, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V
1868-1910, also see picture), continued this tradition with the
modernisation of the legal and administrative systems, and the
construction of railways. During his 15 year reign from 1910 to 1925
king Vajiravudha (Rama VI) introduced compulsory education and other
reforms.
In 1925 the brother of king Vajiravudha, king Prajadhipok (Rama VII
1925-1935) ascended the throne. Seven years later a group of Thai
students living in Paris mounted a successful bloodless coup d´etat
which led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy similar to
that which existed in Britain. A key military leader in the coup,
Phibul Songkhram, took power and maintained control until after the
end or WW II. Rama VIII, Ananda Mahidol, became king in 1935 but was
assassinated in rather mysterious circumstances in 1946. He was
succeeded by his younger brother Bhumipol Aduldej who became Rama IX.
His Majesty King Bhumipol Adujdej remains on the throne today, and he
commands great respect in both Thailand and throughout the rest of the
world.
Today Thailand has a democratic government led by Prime Minister
Thaksin Shinawatra, who was elected in January 2001. He has taken over
from Chuan Leekpai, who has put the first steps towards economic
recovery after the crisis. Thaksins party, Thai Rak Thai ( Thai love
Thai), has proposed a rather radical strategy for economic recovery.
In the next few years we will see if this proves successful.
Thailand´s Prehistory Tens of thousand years ago, this land was
covered with lush tropical rain forests. The fertile land, temperate
climatic conditions, abundent natural resources attracted early
settlers and migrants throughtout the subsequent periods, even up to
the present. Rich cultures amalgamated into distinct life styles.
Emerging out of a thousand years of consciously striving for unity
were the T´ai people. City states soon unified into an independent
kingdom. Emergent also was a distinct culture known as Thai. Stone
tools and implements of prehistoric man dating to the Paleolithic
Period have been found throughout this country. Over 10,000 years ago,
man lived near the waterways in the north and central Thailand.
Archaeological evidence of Neolithic settlements has been discovered
in an area covering no less than 40 provinces. They include tools and
decorative objects made of flint, bone and shells. Primitive paintings
dating to this period exist in a number of caves. Metal works, both
bronze and iron, appeared almost simultaneously some 2,700 years ago.
A part of prehistory in Thailand has become a subject for intensive
study shedding new light on the evoluation of man in southeast Asia.
"Ban Chiang" used to be the name of a small village in Udonthani
Province. Since the discovery that this modern settlement had been
founded on top of an area rich in prehistoric archaeological evidence,
the name has become well known worldwide and synonymous with an
important prehistoric culture.
Ancient Ban Chiang culture existed in scattered areas throughout the
Northeastern region of Thailand. The people lived near watersources in
dense forests. They gradually cleared the forest for settlements, They
hunted with axes, spears, arrows, sling shots and fishing hooks. They
cultivated rice in irrigated paddies and learnt to use buffaloes in
farming. They wove cloth out of natural fibres and might have printed
patterns on the fabric by using rollers. They made and wore decorative
ornaments such as glass beads, earthenware amulets and bronze bangles.
They made stylistic pottery which had applied or and painted
decorations both for household use and for ritualistic burial. They
became proficient metal workers quite early in prehiston, and
discovered the use of iron almost contemporaneous with bronze.
The Ban Chiang people believed in the afterlife. They buried the dead
accompanied with personal belongings, perhaps insignia of rank,
containers of food and other burial goods. Theirs was a structured
society which existed for thousands of years until unknown causes
disrupted their stable existence. There is no historical evidence of a
direct link with the inhabitants of modern Ban Chiang. who are said to
have migrated into the area from Laos some 200 years ago.
Nevertheless, certain aspects of the contemporary lifestyle indicate
some heritage from the past. However vague this link may be, modern
Ban Chiang has benefited from the fame of the ancient people.
Regards
Torben
Torben Larsen (saeoya@image.dk)